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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Java输入输出流</h1>
        

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        <h1 id="read__26amp_3B_write_u65B9_u6CD5"><a href="#read__26amp_3B_write_u65B9_u6CD5" class="headerlink" title="read &amp; write方法"></a>read &amp; write方法</h1><p>read和write方法在执行时都将<strong>阻塞</strong>，直至字节确实被读入或写出。available方法使我们可以去检查当前可读入的字节数量。当你完成对流的读写时，应该通过调用close方法来关闭它，否则可能写出字节的最后一个包永远也得不到传递，当然也可以用flush方法来人为地冲刷这些输出。<br><a id="more"></a><br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span>(is.available()&gt;<span class="number">0</span>)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br><span class="line">    is.read(buffer);</span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>注意:</strong> </p>
<ol>
<li>read和write方法一次只读取写入一个字节。</li>
<li>所有在java.io中的类都相对路径名解释为以用户工作目录开始，可以通过调用System.getProperty(“user.dir”)来获得这个信息</li>
<li>由于反斜杠字符在Java中是转义字符，因此要确保在windows风格的相对路径名中使用\，也可以使用单斜杆字符/。因为大部分文件处理的系统调用都会将反斜杠解释成文件分割符。但最好使用<strong>java.io.File.separator</strong>获得系统文件分割符。<h1 id="Stream"><a href="#Stream" class="headerlink" title="Stream"></a>Stream</h1>与抽象类InputStream和OutputStream一样，这些类只支持在字节级别上的读写。使用DataInputStream可以读入数值类型，如：<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">DataInputStream din = ...;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">double</span> s = din.readDouble();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>回推流：当读入输入时，经常需要浏览下一个字节，以了解它是否是你想要的值，Java提供了用于此目的的PushbackInputStream:<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PushBackInputStream pbin = ...;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 预读下一个字节</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">int</span> b = pbin.read();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 在它并非你说期望的值时将其推回流中</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span>(b != <span class="string">'&lt;'</span>) pbin.unread(b);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>FileOutputStream(File file, boolean append) 重载方法：append决定是否以增加模式写入文件</p>
<h1 id="u6587_u672C_u8F93_u5165_u8F93_u51FA"><a href="#u6587_u672C_u8F93_u5165_u8F93_u51FA" class="headerlink" title="文本输入输出"></a>文本输入输出</h1><p>整数1234储存成二进制数时，它被写成为由字节码00 00 04 D2构成的序列（16进制表示法）。</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>字节: 用某种字符编码方式表示的字符</li>
<li>InputStreamReader将包含字节的输入流转换为可以产生Unicode码元的读入器</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>对于文本输出，可以使用PrintWriter简便方法：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">PrintWriter out = <span class="keyword">new</span> PrintWriter(<span class="string">"d:\\data.txt"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">String name = <span class="string">"Hello World!"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">out.println(name);  <span class="comment">// name将被写入到txt文件中</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<blockquote>
<p>调用println()不会自动刷新<br>可以使用PrintWriter(Writer out, Boolean autoFlush)来启用自动刷新</p>
</blockquote>
<p>BufferReader <strong>没有任何用于读入数值的方法</strong>，可以使用Scanner来读入文本输入。<br>DataOutputStream.writeUTF(String s): 写出由“修订过的UTF-8”格式的字符构成的字符串。</p>
<h1 id="u5BF9_u8C61_u6D41_u4E0E_u5E8F_u5217_u5316"><a href="#u5BF9_u8C61_u6D41_u4E0E_u5E8F_u5217_u5316" class="headerlink" title="对象流与序列化"></a>对象流与序列化</h1><p>为了保存对象，可以使用ObjectOutputStream的writeObject方法写入对象。读回对象需要获得一个ObjectInputStream对象，然后调用readObject方法顺序读回它们，如:<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ObjectOutputStream out = <span class="keyword">new</span> ObjectOutputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="string">"employee.dat"</span>));</span><br><span class="line">Manager boss = <span class="function">bew <span class="title">Manager</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">"Carl"</span>, <span class="number">8000</span>, <span class="number">1987</span>, <span class="number">12</span>, <span class="number">15</span>)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">out.writeObject(boss);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ObjectInputStream in = <span class="keyword">new</span> ObjectInputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> FileInputStream(<span class="string">"employee.dat"</span>));</span><br><span class="line">Employee e = (Employee) in.readObject();</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>但是，对希望在对象流中储存或恢复的所有类都应进行一下修改，这些类<strong>必须实现Serializable接口</strong>，然而，Serializable接口中没有任何方法，因此不需要对这些类做任何改动。</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>对象序列化是以特殊的文件格式储存对象数据的，当然，由于良好的封装性，我们需要了解文件中表示对象的确切字节序列，就可以使用writeObject/readObject方法。</li>
<li>安全散列算法(SHA)是一种可以为较大的信息块提供指纹的快速算法，不论最初的数据块尺寸有多大，这种指纹总是20个字节的数据包。</li>
<li>对象流输出中包含所有的类型和数据域。每个对象都被赋予一个序列号。相同对象的重复出现将被储存为对这个对象的序列号的引用。</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>transient关键字:</strong> 不可被序列化的数据域，仅加入关键字不够，还需要调用out.defaultWriteObject()来写入描述信息，再写入其它数据，如:<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">out.defaultWriteObject();</span><br><span class="line">out.writeDouble(point.getX());</span><br><span class="line">out.writeDouble(point.getY());</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>枚举的默认序列化是不适用的，在它储存后被读取，会被创建为一个全新的对象！<br>其它情况下，序列化可作为深度克隆对象。</p>
<h2 id=""><a href="#" class="headerlink" title=""></a><br></h2><p><strong><em>2016年1月21日续</em></strong></p>
<h1 id="u6587_u4EF6_u64CD_u4F5C"><a href="#u6587_u4EF6_u64CD_u4F5C" class="headerlink" title="文件操作"></a>文件操作</h1><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Path p = Paths.get(<span class="string">"\home"</span>, <span class="string">"dir"</span>, <span class="string">"test"</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>静态的Paths.get方法接受一个或多个字符串，并将它们用默认的文件系统的路径分隔符连接起来。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>有时需要与遗留系统的API交互，它们使用的是File类而不是Path类。Path类有一个toFile方法，而File类也有一个toPath方法。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>文件复制、移动操作：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Files.copy(fromPath, toPath);   <span class="comment">//复制文件</span></span><br><span class="line">Files.move(fromPath, toPath);   <span class="comment">//移动文件 可附加StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISITING选项</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>迭代文件：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">DirectoryStream&lt;Path&gt; entries = Files.newDirectoryStream(dir);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span>(Path entry : entries) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Glob模式：用于过滤文件，如”*.java”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>文件加锁机制：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">FileChannel channel = FileChannel.open(path);</span><br><span class="line">FileLock lock = channel.lock();     <span class="comment">//阻塞式方法</span></span><br><span class="line">FileLock lock = channel.tryLock();  <span class="comment">//调用立即返回，不可获得锁则返回null</span></span><br><span class="line">lock.release();                     <span class="comment">//解锁</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>

      
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